Physics Formulas for Thermodynamics

Temperature Conversion	T(°C) = 5/9 [T(°F) – 32°F] T(°F) = 9/5 T(°C) + 32°F T(K) = T(°C) + 273.15 K	T = temperature
Boyle’s Law for a gas		T = constant P = pressure V = volume
Charles’ Law for a gas		P = constant
Ideal Gas Law		N = number of molecules Nmol = number of moles k = 1.38066 x 10^-23 J/K Boltzmann’s constant R = kNA = 8.3145 J/(mol K) ideal gas constant
Translational kinetic energy K per gas molecule
Root mean square speed of a gas molecule		m = molecular mass
Internal energy U of a monatomic ideal gas
First Law of Thermodynamics		Q = heat added to system W = work done by system
Work done by an ideal gas
Specific heat c for a given process		M = Nm = total mass
Specific heat cV of a monatomic ideal gas at constant volume
Specific heat cP of a monatomic ideal gas at constant pressure
Ratio of specific heats γ
Relation between cP and cV for an ideal gas
Adiabatic gas law		ΔQ = 0
Work done by a monatomic ideal gas in an adiabatic process
Latent heat of fusion		where QL and QS are measured at the freezing point
Latent heat of vaporization		where QV and QL are measured at the boiling point
Linear expansion		where α is the coefficient of linear thermal expansion
Volume expansion		where β is the coefficient of volume expansion
Heat Capacity C
Heat transfer H along a rod		k = thermal conductivity A = cross-sectional area ℓ = rod length
Thermal resistance R and R-factor Rf
Wien’s displacement law	λmax T = 2.898 x 10^-3 K m
Power radiated		L = luminosity σ = 5.67 x 10^-8 W/m^2 K^4 Stefan-Boltzmann constant ε = emissivity
Efficiency e of a heat engine
Efficiency of a reversible heat engine (Carnot cycle)		TC = cold temperature TH = hot temperature
Entropy change ΔS
Ratio relation for a reversible engine